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Whitetail Deer Sounds

Sat, 22 Nov 2008 11:53:09 PST

Whitetail Deer Vocalizations

by T.R. Michels

Through research we know that white-tailed deer use different sounds: to keep in contact with each other (contact); to express alarm and distress (alarm/distress); to solicit attention from and respond to does (maternal) and fawns(neonatal); to express dominance/threaten other deer (agonistic). Deer also make sounds associated with courtship and breeding behavior (mating).

Alarm/Distress
The Snort is an intense blowing sound produced by expelling air through the nostrils, best described as a loud whew, or whew-whew-whew. Deer that see or hear a disturbance but cannot smell the source often use repeated low snorts, foot stomping, head bobbing and tail flipping, possibly to alert other deer of danger. The head bobbing and foot stomping may be used to startle a predator into moving and giving itself away. A deer's sense of smell is thought to be independent of conscious discrimination, and deer that smell danger usually snort, then flee while flagging the tail.

The Bawl is an intense call used by deer in distress, often when caught by a predator or trapped. The sound is a loud baa. Does often respond to the call by running in, presumably out of maternal instinct.

Agonistic
The Grunt is used in three different forms to express dominance or to threaten another deer. It is also used to locate other deer, which causes them to respond by coming to the call, or by announcing their location by returning the call. The Low Grunt is used by both does and bucks throughout the year. The call sounds like a soft guttural err. This is the first level of aggression, used to displace lesser deer. If the lesser animal does not move it is usually rushed and may be kicked with a forefoot by the dominant.

The Grunt-Snort is used most often by bucks during the breeding season in more intense situations. One or more snorts are added to a grunt; err-whew.

The Grunt-Snort-Wheeze is the most intense form of an aggressive call. It consists of a grunt-snort followed by a drawn out wheeze through pinched nostrils. The wheeze may sound like a whistle.

Social Contact
The Social Contact Grunt is often performed by members of a doe group when they become separated, and it may help deer stay in contact when they can't see each other. In one study only females performed this call. This call is longer than the low grunt and can be heard by humans as far as 100 meters. It may attract bucks during the breeding season.

Maternal/Neonatal
The Maternal Grunt is a low, quick grunt performed at short intervals when a doe approaches the fawn's bedding site. The fawn generally leaves its bed and joins the doe. It is audible to humans for only a few meters.

The Mew is used by the fawn when it wants attention, or is given in response to the maternal grunt of the doe.

The Bleat is the fawn version of the bawl, it is given by the fawn when it wants urgent attention, is hungry, or wants care, and may be heard as far as 100 meters by humans.

The Nursing Whine occurs while the fawn is nursing or searching for a nipple.

Mating
The Tending Grunt is a low grunt used by bucks when pursuing an estrus doe. It may consist of a single short grunt, several grunts or a long drawn out grunt. It is probably given to alert other deer of the presence of a dominant in order to keep them away; and to attract does.

The Tending Click is a clicking sound bucks may make when looking for of following estrus does. It sounds like someone slowly running a fingernail across the teeth of a comb. It appears to be a slow, drawn-out version of the Tending Grunt.

The Flehmen Sniff is a low sound produced during the lip curl, when air is inhaled to bring urine in contact with the nose or vomeronasal organ, allowing the buck to determine the breeding readiness of the doe.

Although several call manufacturers, writers and speakers claim there is an Estrus Doe Bleat or Doe Mating Call, no call of this nature was noted in the scientific studies I have read. These people may be referring to the social grunt. Because security is essential to doe survival, does probably do not use a loud call that might alert nearby predators.

The statistics on whitetail vocalizations are based on studies by Dr. Larry Marchinton. The duration of the calls is approximate. The tone of the call usually depends on the deer. Larger deer, especially bucks, tend to make deeper sounds.
Deer Vocalizations
Call Duration Pitch Tone Volume
Alarm/Distress
Snort .25 high low or high high
Bawl 1.00 low-high-low moderate high

Agonistic
Low Grunt .25 level low low
Grunt-Snort .50 low-high low moderate
Grunt-Snort-Wheeze 2.50 low-high-low high low

Contact
Social Grunt 1.00 low-high-low-high-low moderate moderate

Maternal/Neonatal
Maternal Grunt .25 rising low low
Fawn Mew .50 low-high-low low low
Fawn Bleat .50 low-medium-low low-medium low-moderate
Nursing Whine .50 low-high-low low low

Mating
Tending Grunt .25-4.00 low low moderate
Tending Click .10-1.00 staccato low moderate
Flehmen Sniff .50-1.00 low low low

About The Author
Author: T.R. Michels
Email: trmichels@yahoo.com
Web Site: http://www.trmichels.com/
Details: T. R. Michels is a nationally recognized wildlife researcher, outdoor writer and speaker. He is the author of the Whitetail, Elk, Turkey and Goose Addict's Manuals, and the Deer Addict's Manuals. He is also the innovator of the Moon Indicator, which predicts peak monthly movement of deer and elk, based on the forces of the moon; the Daily Deer Movement Indicator, which helps hunters decide when and where to hunt, based on current meteorological conditions; the Rut Indicator, which predicts peak rut activity, based on the forces of the moon; and the Rut Phase Indicator, which helps hunters determine the stage of the rut, and when and where to hunt, by the current deer activity and sign.

T.R.'s latest books, available for 2005, are the revised editions of the Deer Addict's Manual, Turkey Addict's Manual, the Duck & Goose Addict's Manual and the Elk Addict's Manual.

For a catalog of books and other hunting aids contact:

T.R. Michels, Trinity Mountain Outdoors, PO Box 284, Wanamingo, MN 55983.

Elk Hunting Calling Tips

Fri, 21 Nov 2008 20:24:11 PST

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Elk Hunting Calling Tips

by T.R. Michels

As I sat quietly in the pre-dawn darkness the scream of a bull elk split the silence. I knew the bull was close because I could hear it coming through the trees. I waited a few minutes, then cow called softly. The elk screamed again and stepped out of the pines 75 yards away. The big 6x6 bull took a few steps, stopped, and grunted, ugh. At first I thought the bull had sensed something wrong and had barked an alarm. But, when it took a few more steps, looked around and grunted again, I realized it was trying to find the cow it thought it had heard. Since I was scouting I didn't want the bull to know I was there, and I didn't want it to come any closer. I waited patiently for the next ten minutes while the bull walked around me, looking for the cow it was convinced was there. When the bull finally gave up looking I quietly left. The next morning I sent one of the guides and a bow hunter back to the same area. Within fifteen minutes of setting up they heard a bull bugle. Ten minutes later the bull responded to the sound of a cow call and the hunter put an arrow into it at 15 yards.

In the fall of 2001 I began researching 9 different herds of penned elk, to find out how many calls they used and what they used the calls for. I also wanted to know when bugling and breeding began, peaked and ended. During the peak of the rut I regularly heard as many as 100 bugles every 5 minutes, from over 150 different bulls. I also heard as many as 30 cow/calf calls every five minutes, from over 200 cows and calves.

Common Elk Calls

Cow elk use a variety of mews to communicate with their calves and other members of the herd. Cow/calf sounds range from the Maternal Mew (meuw) of a cow trying to locate its calf, to the higher pitched Calf Mew (eeeuw) of a calf trying to locate its mother, to the whining Submissive Mew (meeuw or mee-eee-uw) of a cow being herded or chased by a bull or another cow. Bull elk sometimes use a deeper version of the Submissive Mew when another bull chases them. Both cows and calves use a loud Contact Mew when they've been separated from the herd. When cows fight, they often use a Fighting Squeal (mee-eee-eee-eee-eee-euu) as they stand up and flail at each other with their front legs. Bulls often use this same call when they are sparring with each other. All of these calls are easily reproduced with a single or double reed mouth diaphragm, or outside the mouth call.

Bull Elk Rut Calls

The most familiar elk vocalization is the bugle of a bull elk, which may be made up of one or more different calls. The Full Bugle Sequence of a mature bull elk consists of three calls; the Roar, the Bugle and a series of grunts referred to as the Chuckle. These calls may be used by themselves, or in combinations. When they are used in combinations the Roar is generally used before the Bugle and the Bugle is generally used before the Chuckle. The Full Bugle Sequence of a mature bull starts with a loud, low-pitched roar (rrrr), changes to a high-pitched scream (eeee), and ends with a series of grunts (ugh-ugh-ugh-ugh). Older bulls may also use a quieter version of the Roar that I call the Growl, which can be reproduced by saying rrrrrr, or growling in your throat. The Roar can be reproduced by doing the same thing, but doing it as loudly as you can through a grunt tube. The Bugle can be reproduced by using a double reed mouth diaphragm or an outside the mouth call, with or without a grunt tube. The Chuckle can be reproduced by using a grunt tube and saying ugh-ugh-ugh-ugh as deeply as you can in your throat.

After listening to over 125 bulls per day, and hearing over 600 bugles per hour, as close as ten feet away, I realized that it's almost impossible to make a mistake when you're blowing an elk bugle. While some bulls perform perfect Full Bugle Sequences, others perform only the Growl, the Roar, the Bugle or the Chuckle. Some bulls have clear high-pitched bugles, that sound like the screaming of a woman, others sound as if they are being strangled.

When bulls chase cows they inhale and exhale loudly, and they often end a charge at an uncooperative cow with a loud exhale or Cough. When they are herding cows bulls perform the Gulp or Glug. This call usually consists of a series of two note glugs, but it may have as many as six notes. It can be reproduce by saying glug-glug in your throat, as if you were gulping water. When I used this call the bulls often stopped what they were doing and came closer. Bulls also use a quiet, low-pitched Threat Rumble when they approach a smaller bull. I have not been able to reproduce this sound yet.

The Rut

Bull elk rarely bugle outside of the rut (early September to early November), or before they shed their velvet. Bulls over the age of three may shed their velvet and begin bugling as early as mid-August. Most bulls over the age of three shed their velvet and begin bugling by the first week of September, and they regularly growl, roar, bugle, chuckle and perform the full bugle sequence. Two year old bulls may not shed their velvet and begin bugling until early to mid-September, and they usually perform high-pitched bugles, and occasionally roars and chuckles. Yearling bulls may still be in velvet in late October, and they rarely bugle; I have not heard them perform a roar or a chuckle.

Bull elk bugle to express dominance and attract herds of cows; and the gathering cow/calf herds attract other bulls. As the cows come in to estrus in early September more bulls gather around the herd and try to out-bugle each other for breeding rights. By mid-September a majority of the cows over the age of 2 are in estrus, and this is when peak breeding and bugling generally occurs. Yearling cows usually come into estrus two to three weeks later, in late September/early October. Cows that did not get bred during their first estrous generally cycle again 21 days later, which often results in a second breeding and bugling peak during the first and second weeks of October.

Since older bulls start to rut earlier than younger bulls, they are the ones most likely to be bugling during late August and early September. Because these bulls are trying to establish dominance they often answer ad come in to the calls of another bull. Most bulls over the age of two will respond to cow calls during this stage of the rut.

During peak bugling the older bulls are actively breeding and protecting the herd. Although herd bulls may answer the calls of another bull during peak breeding, they generally pursue other bulls only when they see them getting too close to the herd. However, satellite bulls may come in to the calls of another bull to protect their breeding rights. Herd bulls may respond to cow calls at this time, to get the cow back to the herd. The bulls most likely to respond to cow calls during peak breeding/bugling are the satellite bulls, and any bulls that are not associated with a herd.

Breeding and bugling drops off in late September, after most of the older cows have been bred. This is when the yearling cows come into estrus, and when the satellite bulls and the bulls that did not participate in breeding become most aggressive. It is also when bulls of all ages are likely to respond to both bull and cow calls, because they want to establish or protect their breeding rights.

Breeding and bugling may begin to peak again in early October as the cows that didn't get bred earlier come in to estrus. Bulls may not respond to bull calls at this time because their testosterone levels have dropped and they aren't as aggressive. But, bulls of all ages may still respond to cow calls during this second breeding/bugling peak, and during the post rut.

Which Calls To Use

If you're not sure where the bulls are you can locate them by using a high pitched bugle, without the roar or chuckle. The best place to use this call is high on a mountain, where it can be heard by any bull within hearing. Which bugle you use depends on the size of the bull you are calling. The bulls most likely to respond to the bugle of a big bull, or to the Full Bugle Sequence, are older bulls; generally the herd bulls or satellite bulls. A herd bull that hears the sound of another big bull may respond by bugling back and then coming in to investigate, or it may push the herd away from the call, to avoid confrontation. But, a herd bull will often try to drive off a smaller bull. A satellite bull will rarely challenge a bigger bull. It may come in to a small bull bugle, because it wants to protect its social status within the herd.

The best bugle to use when you are not sure of the size/age of the bulls in the area is the bugle of a young bull, because it won't intimidate most bulls. If a bull is willing to respond to your bugles, and come to your call, it may also respond to the roar or chuckle. These calls can be very effective in heavily hunted areas, especially where other hunters have been bugling a lot. Mews are the best calls to use to get a bull to come into range, because they don't threaten bulls; they calm them down and arouse their breeding interest. You can also use a cow mew to stop a bull long enough for a shot. After watching several cows get bred I have never heard a cow-in-estrus call, and neither have any of the biologists I have talked to. The loud mew referred to as an "estrus cow call" may be the Contact Mew of a cow trying to locate the herd. Because this call is louder than other mews it will attract the attention of any elk within hearing distance. I have used it to get bulls into range on several occasions. I have also had bulls respond to a whining Submissive Mew, probably because they thought another bull was after one of their cows.

I've had herds of up to 50 cows and calves stop what they were doing, turn around, and trot toward me when I used a Fighting Squeal. I usually have to blow it two or three times before the cows come toward me, if they don't I keep calling. They usually stop within 10 to 20 yards of where I am standing, and I quit calling. If they don't detect anything wrong they generally stay around long enough that the herd bull comes in to push them in the other direction. And the bull often walks within 15 yards of me as it herds the nearest cows, providing me with a shot. I've also used this call to bring in a 400 class 7x8 bull from 300 yards away.

What Not To Do

Don't setup where there isn't any cover, especially on the downwind side. Bulls often approach a call from downwind, and they stay in cover if they can; setup where the bull can use cover to come in crosswind of your position. Don't make any noise when a bull is coming in. If a bull smells, see or hears you as it comes in, the hunt is probably over. Don't stop checking the area around you, and don't abruptly leave your setup sight; more than one bull may come in, they may come in silently, and they may come in long after you stop calling.

Don't stop trying, give each location at least a half an hour; you and the bull may not be able to hear each other because of the terrain. If you don't get an answer move a mile away and try again. Don't sound bigger than the bull you're calling; bulls rarely challenge bigger bulls. Don't call too often, especially if a bull is close, it gives your position away. Although it's difficult to make a mistake when you're calling, don't try to cover the mistake by cutting the call off short; elk don't stop in mid-call unless they're alarmed.

Magazine

Tips for Traveling Hunters

Sun, 16 Nov 2008 16:15:46 PST

Tips for Traveling Hunters
by Pursue The Outdoors

   1. Make two lists. One for items to pick up at your destination, one for items to bring from home. Commonly forgotten: hunter and bowhunter education certification cards, birth certificate or other ID for young hunters, tags, personal medicines and toiletries.
   2. Know before you go. Visit the websites of the Transportation Security Administration (www.tsa.gov) and your airline for restrictions and allowances affecting hunters.
   3. Preempt confused airline employees. Check your carrier�s website for its policy on transporting firearms and ammunition. Take a printout with you to the airport.
   4. Think about shipping instead. It may be easier to ship guns and gear to your destination but some common carriers will not handle firearms. Policies differ. Online research will help you decide which company to use.
   5. Check your gear upon arrival. No matter how well you pack, transportation causes equipment to shift, GPS units to switch on and drain batteries, crosshairs to move, broadhead blades to loosen, etc.
   6. Prepare for antlers and meat. Airline policies vary so do your homework. Some carriers will not handle antlers without substantial fees. Others will not transport perishables packed on ice. Still others limit the amount of dry ice that may be used.
   7. Study rules of the road. If you�re driving to your hunt, be aware of restrictions that could affect your trip home. In an effort to control chronic wasting disease, a number of states now regulate transportation of deer and elk carcasses. Plan for your entire route at the website of the Chronic Wasting Disease Alliance, www.cwd-info.org. The Elk Foundation helped start this alliance and site in 2002.
   8. Talk taxidermy. Before you leave, select a taxidermist and visit with him or her about how to skin, care for and deliver that once-in-a-lifetime trophy. A thousand-mile open-air ride in the back of a pickup may not be preferred.
   9. Avoid fines. Items prohibited in carry-on or checked baggage include blackpowder, percussion caps, pressurized containers including bear spray and fuel bottles.
10. Use the wait. Layovers are a good time to catch up on reading.

About the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation
Snowy peaks, dark timber basins and grassy meadows. RMEF is leading an elk country initiative that has already conserved or enhanced habitat on over 5.4 million acres�a land area equivalent to a swath three miles wide and stretching along the entire Continental Divide from Canada to Mexico. Most work occurs on public lands. More than 561,000 acres have been opened or secured for public access including hunting, fishing and other recreation. Get involved at www.rmef.org or 800-CALL ELK.

Doe Activity During Whitetail Rut and Pre Rut

Mon, 27 Oct 2008 19:14:55 PST

A study of the activity od whitetail does during the rut and pre-rut.

Trophy Elk Hunting

Sat, 18 Oct 2008 15:42:55 PST

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Trophy Elk Hunting - and Much More
By Greg Farrar
Sep 19, 2004 - 7:50:00 PM

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Bowhunting Club for Bowhunters

Archery and Bowhunting

Hunting the Whitetail

Sat, 18 Oct 2008 15:35:17 PST

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From OutdoorsCentral.com

Big Game Hunting
Hunting the Whitetail Deer Rut

By Thomas Van Horn
May 22, 2004 - 6:28:00 PM

Hunting the Whitetail Rut

By T.R. Michels, Trinity Mountain Outdoors

Words 1048

During the summer whitetail bucks don’t associate much with the does, and they usually stay near their summer core areas. When they do travel they rarely use the same trails the does do. But, as summer turns to fall, and preferred food sources become available, the bucks will begin to use the same food sources as the does, and they may be seen in the late evening and early morning hours. After the bucks shed their velvet and begin rubbing and scraping they become more security conscious and they may move less during daylight hours. They travel more at night, use secluded areas and keep more to the security of woods and brush where they can’t be easily discovered by predators and hunters. Once the breeding urge hits the bucks will begin to travel in search of does, leaving rubs and scrapes as evidence of their passing so that any receptive doe knows where to find them. They may begin to travel more during daylight hours and use the same trails as the does, so that they come in contact with the does more often. The bucks also begin frequenting the same feeding areas as the does for the same reason. This is when bucks are the most predictable in their movements, and when they are most susceptible to hunting.

Find The Does

One of the easiest ways to find a whitetail buck during the rut is to find the does. If the deer population is healthy and close to balanced the bucks will find the does during the rut. If you know where the prime food sources are, then you will know where to find the does. Once you find the does you should be able to find their home ranges. Once you find the doe home range you should be able to find a buck’s rub route, rubs and scrapes. And once you find the rub route it is a matter of time and effort before you find the buck.

There are two times during the year when locating does is easy. One is obviously during the fall when the deer are in meadows and agricultural crops taking advantage of the abundant forage. They can also be found in woods where they search for mast crops, but they are often harder to see in this environment. The other time of year to locate does is in the spring when the leaves are still off the trees and the deer begin to look for new green growth and leftover mast from the year before. I prefer spring scouting for does because I like to devote the fall to locating the rub, rublines and scrapes that bucks make. Then I locate the bucks themselves.

Glassing

After the long winter I always get spring fever, so I begin glassing (using binoculars to look for deer) in April. I drive around the country, checking farm fields at dusk looking for does. Once I find where they are feeding I watch to see where they come from so I can locate their bedding area. Every once in a while I get lucky and see one of the bucks too, like I did April 28 one year. I was out looking for the does near the railroad tracks where I knew they locate to feed. As I drove across the tracks I saw deer about a quarter mile away. I got out of the truck, took my binoculars and got as close as I could. There where four deer; it looked like one doe and two yearlings but I couldn’t tell what the other deer was. As they got closer I could see two inch velvet on the head of the other deer, and knew it was the big eight point buck I had watched all fall. I could also see small bumps on the head of the bigger yearling. As I watched the male yearling got too close to the bigger buck, and the eight point kicked the yearling on the top of it’s back with both front hoofs already exerting dominance over the one year old buck. I keep watching the deer all summer long, so I know where to find them in the fall. .

Scouting

After I find the does in the fall I start scouting, looking for evidence of bucks passing through. Rubs and scrapes are very evident in the spring and it’s easy to locate the bucks rub route. Once I find the rub route I backtrack it to find the buck’s bedroom. More often than not I will go into the bedroom and spook the buck out but I don’t worry about it. By the time hunting season rolls around the buck will have forgotten about my intrusion and I know right where to find him in the fall.

When I look for does in the fall I use the same technique. By this time I know where the mast crops are and which crops the does will be using. I check the food sources, find the does and then I begin to watch them to see which foods they use and what time they use them. If I can, I sit in a treestand, or get on a high point where I can see a lot of territory. I sit and watch the deer for the next week during both the morning and evening to see when they are most active. Then I choose my hunting sites based on the knowledge of where the does travel, where they will be feeding and the added knowledge of where I found the bucks rub route. I also make a point of looking for the bucks near their bedding areas, to see what their racks look like and which ones made it through the winter. Once I know where the does are, what food sources they use, where the buck rub routes are, and which bucks are still around, I know where to find the bucks when the rut begins. By watching the bucks from an observation point for a few days I know what time to expect them at certain points along their rub route. Then I choose which stand site to use at what time of the day for the best chance at the buck.

If you are interested in more deer hunting tips, or more deer biology and behavior, click on Trinity Mountain Outdoor News and T.R.'s Hunting Tips at www.TRMichels.com . If you have questions about whitetails log on to the T.R.'s Tips message board. To find out when the rut begins, peaks and ends in your area click on Whitetail Rut Dates Chart.

This article is an excerpt from the Deer Addict's Manual; Volume 3 ($9.95 + $5.00 S&H), by T.R. Michels.

T.R. Michels is a nationally recognized game researcher/wildlife behaviorist, outdoor writer and speaker. He is the author of the Whitetail, Elk, Duck & Goose, and Turkey Addict's Manuals. His latest products are the 2003 Revised Edition of the Whitetail Addict's Manual, the 2003 Revised Edition of the Elk Addict's Manual; and the 2003 Revised Edition of the Duck & Goose Addict's Manual. For a catalog of books and other hunting products contact: T.R. Michels, Trinity Mountain Outdoors, PO Box 284 , Wanamingo , MN 55983 , USA . Phone: 507-824-3296, E-mail: TRMichels@yahoo.com Internet Site: www.TRMichels.com

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New Test Article

Tue, 19 Aug 2008 17:46:53 PST

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Brooks County High School is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS). Students who qualify can participate in the Dual Enrollment/Accelerate. Students receive post-secondary credit hours and high school unit credit.

Students are offered many extracurricular activities to further stimulate and educate.